Table 3 Risk Factors for diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) among the study subjects
From: Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes foot ulcers in Kano, northwestern Nigeria
Variables | DFU n = 57 | WITHOUT DFU n = 337 | Test statistics X2 | P VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio – demographic | ||||
Gender | ||||
Male | 24 (14.6) | 140 (85.4) | 0.006 | 0.936 |
Female | 33 (14.3) | 197 (85.7) | ||
Age | ||||
Young | 9 (8.3) | 100 (91.7) | ||
Middle age | 40 (16.4) | 204 (83.6) | 4.696 | 0.030* |
Elderly | 8 (19.5) | 33 (80.5) | ||
Marital status | ||||
Single | 2 (9.5) | 19 (91.5) | ||
Married | 37 (12.2) | 267 (87.8) | 0.438 | 0.508 |
Divorced | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) | ||
Widowed | 14 (22.6) | 48 (77.4) | ||
Educational status | ||||
Informal | 25 (16.4) | 127 (83.6) | 0.784 | 0.376 |
Formal | 32 (13.2) | 210 (86.8) | ||
Socio – Class | ||||
1 | 12 (15.0) | 68 (85.0) | ||
2 | 3 (27.2) | 8 (72.7) | 0.389 | 0.532 |
3 | 11 (11.6) | 84 (88.4) | ||
4 | 5 (10.4) | 43 (89.6) | ||
5 | 26 (16.3) | 134 (83.7) | ||
Type of DM | ||||
Type 1 | 3 (12.5) | 18 (87.5) | 0.000 | 0.989 |
Type 2 | 54 (14.5) | 319 (85.5) | ||
Others | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Duration of DM (yrs) | ||||
Short term | 15 (9.7) | 139 (90.3) | 3.853 | < 0.001* |
Medium term | 17 (12.3) | 121 (87.7) | ||
Long term | 25 (24.5) | 77 (75.5) | ||
Cigarette Smoking | ||||
Yes | 3 (25.0) | 9 (75.0) | 1.111 | 0.292 |
Ex – smoker | 6 (31.6) | 13 (68.4) | ||
No | 48 (13.2) | 315 (86.8) | ||
CLINICAL VARIABLES | ||||
Hypertension | ||||
Present | 29 (14.0) | 177 (86.0) | 0.053 | 0.818 |
Absent | 28 (14.9) | 160 (85.1) | ||
Peripheral Neuropathy | ||||
Present | 49 (24.6) | 150 (75.4) | 33.51 | < 0.001* |
Absent | 8 (4.1) | 187 (95.9) | ||
Peripheral vascular disease | ||||
Present | 19 (39.6) | 29 (60.4) | 27.79 | < 0.001* |
Absent | 38 (11.0) | 308 (89.0) | ||
Diabetic Retinopathy (n = 258) | ||||
Present | 18 (24.0) | 57 (76.0) | 14.31 | < 0.001* |
Absent | 13((7.1) | 170 (92.9) | ||
Proteinuria | ||||
Present | 38 (18.2) | 171 (81.8) | 4.964 | 0.026* |
Absent | 19 (10.3) | 166 (89.7) | ||
Foot Deformities | ||||
Present | 36 (24.2) | 113 (75.8) | 18.19 | < 0.001* |
Absent | 21 (8.6) | 224 (91.4) | ||
Previous foot ulcer | ||||
Yes | 24 (29.3) | 58 (70.7) | 18.33 | < 0.001* |
No | 33 (10.6) | 279 (89.4) | ||
Previous Amputation | ||||
Yes | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | 3.501 | 0.06 |
No | 54 (14.0) | 332 (86.0) | ||
Inappropriate footwear | ||||
Yes | 51 (15.7) | 274 (84.3) | 2.252 | 0.133 |
No | 6 (8.7) | 63 (91.3) | ||
LABORATORY VARIABLES | ||||
Poor Glycemic control | ||||
HbA1c (%) | ||||
Yes | 49 (18.4) | 218 (81.6) | 10.10 | 0.001* |
No | 8 (6.3) | 119 (93.7) | ||
Dyslipidemia | ||||
Yes | 25 (16.7) | 125 (83.3) | 0.945 | 0.331 |
No | 32 (13.1) | 212 (86.9) |